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By Life would be boring in R if you couldn’t combine logical statements. If you want to test whether a number lies within a certain interval, for example, you want to check whether it’s greater than the lowest value and less than the top value.

To illustrate, let’s assume you have two vectors containing the number of baskets that Granny and her friend Geraldine scored in the six games of this basketball season: >baskets.of.Granny baskets.of.Geraldine min.baskets max.baskets min.baskets max.baskets [1] TRUE FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE TRUE This method actually isn’t the most efficient way to find those values. This example clearly shows you how vectorization works for logical operators. The NOT operator (!) is another example of the great power of vectorization.

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The NA values in the vector x have caused some trouble already, so you’d probably like to get rid of them. You know that you have to check whether a value is missing by using the is.na() function.

But you need the values that are not missing values, so invert the logical vector by preceding it with the! To drop the missing values in the vector x, for example, use the following code: >x[!is.na(x)] [1] 3 6 2 1 When you’re using R, there’s no way to get around vectorization. After you understand how vectorization works, however, you’ll save considerable calculation time and lines of code.

The AND function returns TRUE if all its arguments evaluate to TRUE, and returns FALSE if one or more arguments evaluate to FALSE. One common use for the AND function is to expand the usefulness of other functions that perform logical tests.

For example, the IF function performs a logical test and then returns one value if the test evaluates to TRUE and another value if the test evaluates to FALSE. By using the AND function as the logical_test argument of the IF function, you can test many different conditions instead of just one. Syntax AND(logical1, [logical2].) The AND function syntax has the following arguments: Argument Description Logical1 Required. The first condition that you want to test that can evaluate to either TRUE or FALSE. Additional conditions that you want to test that can evaluate to either TRUE or FALSE, up to a maximum of 255 conditions.

Remarks • The arguments must evaluate to logical values, such as TRUE or FALSE, or the arguments must be arrays or references that contain logical values. • If an array or reference argument contains text or empty cells, those values are ignored. • If the specified range contains no logical values, the AND function returns the #VALUE! Examples Here are some general examples of using AND by itself, and in conjunction with the IF function. Formula Description =AND(A2>1,A21,A3=$B$7,C14>=$B$5),B14*$B$8,0) – IF Total Sales are greater than or equal (>=) to the Sales Goal, AND Accounts are greater than or equal to (>=) the Account Goal, then multiply Total Sales by the Bonus%, otherwise return 0. Need more help?

You can always ask an expert in the, get support in the, or suggest a new feature or improvement on. Related Topics.